Social Inequality By Barbara Ehrenreich Essay - 1825 Words

Social inequality is the unequal set of opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society. Social inequality happens when resources in a society are distributed unevenly. In America, social inequality is growing nonstop, and resource disparity still exists today. Social inequality affects poverty, many Americans are working low paying jobs with no hope of ever reaching social mobility, and the economy gap between rich and the poor keeps widening. These social inequalities are influenced by geographical location. The minorities remain to be one of the most affected by this social stratification. Many see these inequalities as a problem to blame the people themselves or society. They claim that these inequalities are used for their own benefits, resulting in the advantage of the taxpayers, and in some cases the rich. Many have taken their voice to shine a light on these negative issues. Writers such as Barbara Ehrenreich, reveals in her arti cle â€Å"Serving in Florida’ the struggles jobholders face to live on poor wage jobs. Kathleen Arnold in her narrative â€Å"From America’s New Working class† informs how substantive programs aimed to help recipients, take advantage of these by monitoring them and disciplining them with the goal to maintain a supply of cheap labor. And finally, Timothy Noah â€Å"From the Great Divergence: America’s Growing Inequality Crisis and What We Can do About It† informs about the growing inequality in America betweenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Barbara Ehrenreich s Nickel And Dimed1337 Words   |  6 Pagespeople still reside in the lower-class after years of working laborious jobs. Indeed, some people have miraculously found their way out of the gutters on the system, but most people happen to not be as lucky. Through experience, author Barbara Ehrenreich finds that the social divide in America makes the American Dream much more difficult than it is perc eived to be by the upper class. The truth she finds by living as a person in poverty incited her frustrations and disgust with the system. The attainabilityRead MoreThe Connection Between Social Stratification And Individual1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe Connection Between Social Stratification and Individual Opportunity Undoubtedly, those who find themselves under the label â€Å"working class† are often disrespected and suffer through emotional or physical discomfort, and sometimes both, in their jobs. The disparity of inequality between the American social classes are growing bigger and the chances of individual opportunity are growing lower for middle or lower class citizens. Political activist Barbara Ehrenreich details a life of a working classRead MoreMedicine And Social Control, Barbara And John Ehrenreich918 Words   |  4 Pagestheir concerns for obtaining more social services, especially within the health system. In the essay Medicine and Social Control, Barbara and John Ehrenreich draws attention to the sociology of health and medicine. Ehrenreich claims that more mental health services there are, the more social control are given to these agencies (1, Ehrenreich, CC 2015 p. 185). Thus, individuals are giving up their autonomy and decisions to a higher authority. In this case, E hrenreich focuses on the sociological approachRead MoreEssay Bait And Switch By Barbara Ehrenreich1661 Words   |  7 PagesBait and Switch by Barbara Ehrenreich takes a comical look at the troubles that plague white collar unemployed. This book offers an in-depth view of the Barbara Ehrenreichs struggle to get a good job, which she defined as a job that would provide health care and an income of $50,000 a year.(6) This book was written in 2005 and is still up to date with the current unemployment problems. She uses her own experiences and observations for the reader to get an accurate picture of how hard it is forRead MoreNickel And Dimed, By Barbara Ehrenreich1636 Words   |  7 Pagespieces of American Literature highlight this concept in a way that is most pertinent to their corresponding time period. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America, by Barbara Ehrenreich, specifically highlights a more modern time period, from the late 1990s to the early 2000s. Within this n arrative, author Barbara Ehrenreich depicts her struggles of finding equality within the multitude of jobs she works in order to make a living throughout multiple parts. She strongly asserts, within the breadthRead MoreThe Minimum Wage War, By Barbara Ehrenreich And The Article938 Words   |  4 Pagesworkers lack the experience in their chosen fields? Do these employees lack in their work ethic? Does the government need to give more support? Questions like these arise in both the story Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By In America by Barbara Ehrenreich and the article â€Å"The Minimum-Wage War† by Rolling Stone. At first glance, these writings may seem unrelated; However, the themes of minimum wage and work ethic go hand-in-hand with respect to these texts. These writings express the correlationRead MoreWhy Do Such Divisions Exist Within The Labour Market? Essay1129 Words   |  5 Pagespresence of inequality within the market(s), driven by historical conditions and on going market standards which have put and kept women, visible minorities and other groups in a vulnerable position. It is these certain groups that consistently suffer the consequences of labour market insecurity and inequality, and experience structural and social barriers to improving the conditions. Why do such divisions exist within the labour market? Does anyone benefit from the insecurity and inequality, or moreRead MoreGender Inequality: Can We Change Something so Engrained1447 Words   |  6 Pagesthe topic of social problems, most of us will readily agree that the United States has its fair share of issues. Where this agreement usually ends, however, surrounds the question of where these problems originate. Whereas some are convinced that it is an individual’s problem, others maintain that it is the system-based issue (Eitzen et al., 12). Through the use of Social Problems by D. Stanley Eitzen et al. throughout this course, the authors discuss the causes and solutions of social problems suchRead MoreIn January 2013 a prominent national US newspaper quoted former Secretary of State, Condolezza800 Words   |  4 Pageshow significant inequality is in America. The social class that you are born into will influence your outlook on social class and will also be the soc ial class you stay in (Loewen, 1995. 322). Your social class will determine the opportunities available for you including health, fitness, nutrition, education, SAT scores, medical resources and more (Loewen, 1995. 321-322). Loewen also proposes that the education system in America does not incorporate a proper analysis of our social class (Loewen,Read MoreBarbara Ehrenreich, The Author Of The Novel Nickeled And1310 Words   |  6 PagesBarbara Ehrenreich, the author of the novel Nickeled and Dimed on (Not) Getting by in America, family had achieved middle class, as she was fulfilling her Bachelor’s degree in physics. As time proceeds, she attended Graduate school to pursue her master’s degree in cell biology. Ehrenreich became involved with a woman s health movement, and also became a teacher at Old Westbury, in New York. With her activism in the women’s movement, she began to write about feminism and the myth regarding it being

Similarities Between Ancient Egypt And Mesopotamia

Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia are a valuable area of historical research. This essay will focus on the differences and similarities in these societies economic, political, and cultural lives. As well as the circumstances the people of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia faced. Agriculture Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian agricultural lives were very different due to their geographical situations, differences in technology, and developments. Only a small area of Egyptian land (the Delta and Nile Valley) was fertile during the annual inundation of the river Nile. Harsh natural circumstances created a famine risk for the entire population. When there were insufficient water resources for the agriculture, or floods threatening crops, it†¦show more content†¦After the Nile’s water reached them through the system of canals and stayed for some time, peasants got rich soil (David, 2003). In addition, as a highly bureaucratized state, Egypt invented the writing material papyrus, presumably, exactly for the needs of state apparatus, which had to take into consideration vast amounts of information with the assistance of hieroglyphs, one of the first phonetic writing systems. In Mesopotamia archeologists first found a wheel. Though it had various functions from traveling to pottery, it fits the concept of developed market relationships as long distances between the city-states required better transportation. As the Mesopotamians had property rights, they created, for instance, the first recorded laws called Hammurabi’s Code to ensure their rights (Oppenheim, 1977). Additionally, the Mesopotamians developed mathematics (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) and geometry to supply their market relationships and make them recordable. Political Structure Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian agricultural life clearly shaped political structures in both countries. In Egypt, the Pharaoh had an absolute power mainly because of not his divinity, but due to the need to control the lands alongside the river Nile. The river being the most important economic object, could not be divided or shared due to the possibility of endangering the welfare of every citizen in theShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Ancient Egypt And Mesopotamia951 Words   |  4 Pageshistory are Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. However, because of the different geography, exposure to outside invasion, influence, and beliefs, Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia came to not only contrast in political and social structures but also share similarities in them as well. When it came to the development of Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations politics played a prominent role in structuring the very foundation of each respective civilization. For instance, when it came to Ancient EgyptRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Ancient Egypt And Mesopotamia1125 Words   |  5 Pagesago there existed two main civilizations: Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, and Ancient Egypt along the Nile. Even though Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt were both advanced civilizations they had many differences such as their government, religion, as well as their trade and society. Mesopotamian culture thought negatively about its gods, and had conflict, cultural diffusion, and a decentralized government while Ancient Egypt thought highly of its gods, had a centralizedRead MoreSimilarities Between Ancient Mesopotamia And Egypt1101 Words   |  5 PagesDifferences and Similarities While describing the cultural among the people of Mesopotamia and Egypt, I learned the differences and similarities in culture. The birth of Mesopotamian Civilization began in c. 3000 B.C.E., in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers of Southwest Asia. Mesopotamia is a Greek word and it means ‘between the rivers.’ In contrast, the birth of Egyptian Civilization began in c. 3100 B.C.E., in a valley of the Nile River in Northeastern Africa. Egypt is a Greek wordRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Egypt and Mesopotamia901 Words   |  4 PagesEgypt developed around the Nile River, while Mesopotamia developed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Egypt and Mesopotamia grew into complex civilizations. Politically, both Egypt and Mesopotamia had a government with one main ruler, but Egypt had a centralized government with a pharaoh, while Mesopotamia had a decentralized government with a king. Socially, both civilizations were patriarchal, but Egypt was more lenient towards women while Mesopotamia was stricter. The political and socialRead MoreEgypt And Mesopotamia Similarities984 Words   |  4 Pageswhat ways were the civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt alike? In what ways were they different? What accounts for these similarities and differences? Mesopotamia and Egypt were the first known civilizations in history. While maintaining separate identities, they still managed to have a vast number of similarities. Differences that go beyond general location were also very prevalent between the two civilizations. One of the biggest similarities between the two civilizations is that they bothRead MoreMesopotamia and Egypt Essay before 600 BC911 Words   |  4 PagesMesopotamia and Egypt Ancient civilizations across history have shown unique and incredible feats of mankind. Arguably, two of the most prominent ancient civilizations in the Middle East and even the world are the Mesopotamians (Beginning 5,000 B.C.) and Egyptians (Beginning 3,150 B.C). Even though these two civilizations peaked about 2,000 years apart, they share numerous similarities contributing to their success, and also show even more differences that distinguish how each had a unique cultureRead MoreDifferences Between Mesopotamia And Egypt1337 Words   |  6 Pages Although Mesopotamia and Egypt are similar in many ways, they also have many differences. This essay will point out the differences and similarities of how these civilizations were governed, how the geography affected the people of these civilizations and the outlook these people had. Geography helped to define both Mesopotamia and Egypt, but Egypt, without a doubt had an easier lifestyle and definitely not as difficult as Mesopotamia. Egypt was mostly cut off from the entire world by the environmentRead MoreAccording to the modern researchers, the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations likely seem very1200 Words   |  5 Pageslocated differently. Egypt lies on the fertile Nile River valley , and desert around it.The Nile river have effect to Egyptians culture, it gave a rich natural fertilizing elements that helped Egyptian to grow plants. Also, Egyptian civilization formed by 3000 B.C. E., and they benefited from trade and technological. Back to Mesopotamia, it was located between Tigris and Euphrates river. Mesopotamia is made up of two regions, northern and southern. The Northern Mesopotamia was rich of fertile soilRead MoreThe Rise Of Civilizations On Egypt And Mesopotamia1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe rise of civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia occurred around the same time and the environment and natural forces affected the similarities and differences in social, political, and economic stability. There were many similarities and differences between both of these countries as well. In both cases, it was the river valley and geography that affected the agriculture, religious views, and government structures. The M esopotamian and Egyptian civilization developed in the Middle East and wereRead MoreMesopotamia, Egypt, and Indus Valley Essay813 Words   |  4 Pagesfascinating developments, the most prominent being the first civilizations, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. They had many similarities, such as characteristics of early civilizations and social structures, but they also had their differences. The most embossed differences included the divergent geography, prior belief, trade, relations with other civilizations, and politics. The earliest societies, such as Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt exhibiting indicator traits of civilization developed along the floodplains

Certainty Uncertainty Understanding Global â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Certainty Uncertainty Understanding Global? Answer: Introduction Climate change has become a major threat to global population because of its impacts on the environment, economy and society(Estrada, et al., 2017);(Luber Prudent, 2009);(Mishra, et al., 2010); (Rai Rai, 2013) (Wang, et al., 2014). As a result of this, stakeholders in every sector are making efforts to minimize the impacts of this phenomenon. Aviation is one of the forms of transport that are energy intensive and produce a lot of greenhouse gases(Taber, 2010). It is estimated that 2% of global carbon dioxide emissions resulting from human activities are contributed by aviation industry(ATAG, 2017) and this is projected to hit 5% by 2050(Banu, 2012). As global population and development continue to increase, demand for air transport is also rising rapidly, resulting to a possibility of higher greenhouse gas emissions. This has prompted aircraft manufacturers to develop various practices of reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions during production and operation of ai rcrafts. Some of these approaches include: use of renewable energy, use of recycled and recyclable materials, lean manufacturing, use of light and composite materials and nanomaterials, application of advanced technological and energy efficient processes; improve aircraft engine designs, increase fuel efficiency, etc.(Beck, et al., 2011);(Lee Mo, 2011). Governments have also developed policies aimed at monitoring and controlling emissions from the aviation industry(Capoccitti, et al., 2010);(Sikorska, 2015);(Zheng, et al., 2017). Irrespective of the approach chosen to minimize emissions in aviation industry, design processes of aircrafts are very critical and largely influences the success or failure of minimizing emissions during manufacturing and operating phases. During design process, the design team comprehensively analyzes various technical and performance parameters of the aircraft throughout its lifecycle thus making decisions that will help achieve predetermined emission targets. This is the approach that is being used by companies and organizations promoting the concept of green aircrafts, such as National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Boeing(Gonzalez, 2017); (MacDonald, 2015). The aim of this report is to analyze the preliminary design, detailed design and development, and system test, evaluation validation and optimization of an aircraft manufacturing project. The report also discusses essential human factors to be considered when executing an aircraft manufacturing project. These are very essential process in aircraft manufacturing project especially if the project aims at improving resource efficiency and safety and comfort of aircraft users, and cutting down costs and greenhouse gas emissions. The key design processes of an aircraft are shown in below Preliminary design In preliminary design stage, the design team is tasked to create a fundamental proof of concept that was developed or chosen from the conceptual design phase(Domun, 2016). The design team uses advanced analytical method to calculate various requirements and parameters that the aircraft has to comply with so as to fly and perform its intended function effectively(Schwinn, et al., 2016). Some of the requirements and parameters that the design team determines include; flight mechanics, aerodynamics, stability, tunnel testing and structural stresses, among others. In general, preliminary design stage is where the design team proves the feasibility of the aircraft concept developed in the conceptual design stage. In other words, the team has to demonstrate how the preferred concept will meet the performance requirements of the aircraft, how it can be manufactured using available methods and resources, and also identify any constraints related to manufacturing process of the aircraft. An a ircraft comprises of different modules and subsystems, each with varied specifications. It is in this stage that the design team defines all the necessary specifications of the aircraft. This includes: system specifications that entails technical, performance, functional, support and maintenance features of the aircraft, development specifications that entails the need for new research design or development mechanisms, product specifications that entails stipulations of each module and subsystem, process specifications that entails the necessary services and processes for the manufacture and operation of the aircraft such as testing services, production services, maintenance services, etc., and material specifications that entails a list of resources or supplies needed to create the aircraft. The key components that the design team analyzes in preliminary design stage include: wings, fuselage, control surfaces (rudder, stabilizers, elevators, aileron, trim tab, etc.), power plant devices, propulsion devices (propeller), lift control devices (flap, spoiler and slat), landing gear (main gear and nose gear), cockpit (navigation, information and communication devices) and systems (hydraulic, pneumatic, electric etc.). The analyses in this stage are done based on these design criteria: usability, functional capability, producibility, reliability, security, safety, maintainability, serviceability, supportability, durability, affordability, interoperability, sustainability and disposability. For this to be achieved, professionals from different engineering fields must be involved and work together as a team. The key professionals to be involved include those from the following fields: design engineering, software engineering, manufacturing engineering, quality engineering, envir onmental engineering, value engineering, maintainability engineering, logistics engineering, reliability engineering, safety and security engineering, and ergonometric engineering. Last but not least is that every activity finalized in preliminary design stage is reviewed comprehensively for improvement in subsequent stages of the project. Detailed design and development This stage is largely about fabrication of the aircraft that is to be manufactured. Here, the design team uses existing strategies and policies to fabricate the real aircraft. The team determines the best design, size, number and location of various components of the aircraft. Various aspects of the aircraft such as structural, aerodynamic, performance and control that were identified in the preliminary design stage are also tested. Generally, detailed design stage is where the designs developed in the preliminary design stage are turned into a functioning aircraft, in terms of mockups and models (engineering and prototype), after creating several simulations(Monroe Aerospace, 2017). Detailed design stage is iterative and completed by following eight steps(Blanchard Fabrycky, 2010). First is to create proper design requirements of aircraft components centered on the specifications that were developed in preliminary design stage. Second is to carry out necessary technical works. Third is to find the best approach of integrating all components of the aircraft that will ensure maximum efficiency during manufacturing and operation phases. Fourth is to identify suitable engineering software and design tools for the project, such as CAD (computer aided design) software, CAE (computer aided engineering) software, lean manufacturing techniques, etc. Fifth is to use the chosen design and engineering tools and systems to prepare necessary documents and designs. The documents include list of aircraft components, cost estimations, programme or schedule of the project, analyses and reports. Sixth is the development process, which entails creating mockups, models and simulati ons of the aircraft to be manufactured. The simulations are used to establish the functional capability and producibility of the aircraft. Seventh is to analyze the design and develop reviews. Last but not least is to evaluate the design reviews and feedback, and use them to make appropriate improvements or changes to the aircraft design. System test, evaluation validation and optimization These are also very important processes when designing an aircraft. The necessary testing, evaluation and validation processes are identified during conceptual design stage so that the design team can have adequate time to prepare on how to perform them. Preparation also entails identifying the required equipment, tools, personnel, training and facilities for each test, evaluation and validation processes. Testing process basically involves subjecting individual components of the aircraft then subsystems and the whole aircraft so as to determine whether they meet or fail to meet the requirements of the project, including design specifications. Some of the tests performed include: structural tests, usability tests, functional tests, producibility tests, reliability tests, security and safety tests, software system tests, maintainability tests, control tests, serviceability tests, supportability tests, durability tests, affordability tests, interoperability tests, sustainability tests, disposability tests and environmental tests. The results obtained from each of these tests are evaluated and used to validate or invalidate the individual components, subsystems or the whole aircraft. Any components that fails to pass the tests has to be reviewed and redesigned until it passes the tests. It is also important to identify qualified and specialized individuals or companies to carry out individual tests. The results obtained should also be analyzed by different qualified professionals. Some of the validations that must be obtained for the design and safety of aircraft include: human safety factors, aircraft software, components manufacturer approval, technical standards orders, etc. Optimization is another crucial process where the design team identifies the best solution for every problem related to the aircraft manufacture project. It is believed that every solution has numerous alternatives and therefore the best should always be selected. In this process, the design team applies relevant mathematical equations and formulae, simulations and calculations to evaluate the effects of changing different parameters of the design and use the outputs to come up with the best matrices or combinations. Some of the strategies that the design team can apply to optimize the designs include: use of alternative for manufacturing and operation processes of the aircraft, use of locally available materials to minimize transportation emissions during manufacturing process, use of lean manufacturing principles to reduce wastage, automation, etc. At the end of optimization process, the aircraft should be allowed to go into full production and use. Human factors Human factors are another very important aspect of aircraft design because they cause a significant percentage of aircraft accidents(Lei, et al., 2014). These factors are the ones that should influence the layout and design of the cockpit. Therefore the design team should always have the pilot and other users of the aircraft in mind when designing the cockpit and the entire aircraft. This means that the design team should not only focus on the avionics systems but also on how the pilot will interact with these systems. The ultimate goal is to simplify pilots tasks and minimize their workload. The most important human factors that are considered in the design of aircrafts include: anthropometric factors (body dimensions, foot size, hand size, thigh length, muscle strength, standing height, sitting height, sitting eye height, length of legs and arms, body thickness and width, sitting elbow rest length/height, etc.), pilot comfort, workspace constraints (space and positioning of control s and other devices), human sensory factors (smell, vision and noise), and physiological factors (vibration, extreme temperature, toxic substances, humidity, radiation, etc.), safety harness, display (design, colour and light), control design and layout, standardization, control loading, direction, colours and shapes, warning system, checklists and automation(Paulson, 2012). Besides the pilots, the design team should also look at the perspectives of passengers, other crew members and maintenance technicians of the aircraft by considering factors such as safety, comfort, reliability, affordability and ease of work. With modern technology, it is possible to incorporate all appropriate human factors cost effectively. Conclusion Aircrafts are used for various purposes and their importance in modern society cannot be overemphasized. However, the environmental impacts of aircrafts, which also translates into economic and social impacts, have come under great scrutiny because of the climate change concerns. For this reason, designers have a major role to play so as to minimize environmental impacts of aircrafts. Design process is very important in an aircraft manufacture project because the way an aircraft is designed influences how it is manufactured and operated. The design team has to follow appropriate procedures and consider the right parameters during preliminary design stage, detailed design and development stages, and system test, evaluation validation and optimization stages. Doing so helps in ensuring that the aircraft designed meets the functional, technical, interoperability, usability, sustainability, reliability, safety, maintainability, affordability, producibility, supportability, serviceabilit y and disposability, requirements of the project. Completion of these processes requires effective communication, coordination and cooperation of all stakeholders involved in the project. The persons involved in the design process should also have relevant qualifications in terms of knowledge and skills. It is also very important for the design team to incorporate necessary human factors when designing the aircraft. References ATAG, 2017. Facts figures. [Online] Available at: https://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html [Accessed 2 October 2017]. Banu, S., 2012. Aviation and climate change: global sectored approach is the need of the hour. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 7(2), pp. 137-142. Beck, A., Hodzic, A., Soutis, C. Wilson, C., 2011. Influence of implementation of composite materials in civil aircraft industry on reduction of environmental pollution and greenhouse effect. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 26, pp. 1-9. Blanchard, B. Fabrycky, W., 2010. Systems engineering and analysis. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Capoccitti, S., Khare, A. Mildenberger, U., 2010. Aviation industry - mitigating climate change impacts through technology and policy. Journal of Technology Management Innovation, 5(2). Domun, Y., 2016. Aircraft design process overview. [Online] Available at: https://www.engineeringclicks.com/aircraft-design-process/ [Accessed 2 October 2017]. Estrada, F., Tol, R. Botzen, W., 2017. Global economic impacts of climate variability and change during the 20th century. PLOS ONE, 12(2). Gonzalez, C., 2017. NASA's Green Thumb for Green Aviation. [Online] Available at: https://www.machinedesign.com/defense/nasa-s-green-thumb-green-aviation [Accessed 2 October 2017]. Lee, J. Mo, J., 2011. Analysis of technological innovation and environmental performance improvement in aviation sector. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(9), pp. 3777-3795. Lei, G., Shuguang, Z., Peng, T. Yi, L., 2014. An integrated graphic-taxonomic-associative approach to analyze human factors in aviation accidents. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 27(2), pp. 226-240. Luber, G. Prudent, N., 2009. Climate change and human health. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, Volume 120, pp. 113-117. MacDonald, S., 2015. Landing at Langley, Beoing's ecoDemonstrator 757 Displays Advances in Green Aviation. [Online] Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/langley/landing-at-langley-boeing-s-ecodemonstrator-757-displays-advances-in-green-aviation [Accessed 2 October 2017]. Mishra, A., Singh, V. Jain, S., 2010. Impact of global warming and climate chnage on society. Journal of Comparative Social Welfare, 26(2-3), pp. 239-260. Monroe Aerospace, 2017. The three stages of aircraft design. [Online] Available at: https://monroeaerospace.com/blog/the-three-stages-of-aircraft-design/ [Accessed 2 October 2017]. Paulson, Y., 2012. Cockpit design and human factors. [Online] Available at: https://aviationknowledge.wikidot.com/aviation:cockpit-design-and-human-factors [Accessed 2 October 2017]. Rai, P. Rai, P., 2013. Environmental and socio-economic impacts of global climate change: An overview on mitigation approaches. Environmental Skeptics and Critics, 2(4), pp. 126-148. Schwinn, D., Kohlgruber, D., Scherer, J. Siemann, M., 2016. A parametric aircraft fuselage model for preliminary sizing and crashworthiness applications. CEAS Aeronautical Journal, 7(3), pp. 357-372. Sikorska, P., 2015. The need for legal regulation of global emissions from the aviation industry in the context of emerging aerospace vehicles. International Comparative Jurisprudence, 1(2), pp. 133-142. Taber, S., 2010. Climate change impacts of the aviation industry. [Online] Available at: https://ehsjournal.org/https:/ehsjournal.org/steven-taber/climate-change-impacts-of-the-aviation-industry-global-warming/2010/ [Accessed 2 October 2017]. Wang, F., Ge, Q., Wang, S. Chen, B., 2014. Certainty and uncertainty in understanding global warming. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 12(1), pp. 6-12. Zheng, J., Qiao, H. Wang, S., 2017. The effect of carbon tax in aviation industry on the multilateral simulation game. Sustainability, 9(7), p. 1247.

Price Elasticity of Demand and Health Care free essay sample

Running Heading: Price Elasticity and Health Care Price Elasticity of Demand and Health Care Table of Contents I. II. Introduction III. Measure of Health Care Demand IV. Price Elasticity of Demand for HealthCare V. RAND Study VI. Health Care Trends in 2007 VII. Summary Introduction The Health Care System in the U. S continues to be a topic of debate as the cost for health care continue to grow. Many Americans are being forces to change the way they use the health care system as the costs rising faster than their income. More than 6 in 10 Americans with ealth insurance coverage indicate that the costs they are responsible for paying under their plan have increased in the past year. This paper examines the elasticity of demand for health care services. Measure of Health Care Demand The demand for health care is often measured by the quantity of services used such as the number of doctor visits, prescriptions filled or inpatient hospital stays. We will write a custom essay sample on Price Elasticity of Demand and Health Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The demand is also measured by the total costs of the services. The cost of health care for the consumer usually depends on the amount of premiums, deductible, and coinsurance or copayments that they are required to contribute. The amounts can vary and this can make it difficult to estimate the price elasticity of demand for health care services. In order to gage the effect of price changes, the researcher would need to determine the effective price that a consumer is willing to pay for an additional unit of health care services. Elasticity of Demand for Health Care The price elasticity of demand measures the percentage change in quantity demanded resulting from a 1 percent change in price. The elasticity of demand for a product or service will vary depending on the level of price and quantity at which it is evaluated. The elasticity of demand can vary depending on the different combinations of price and quantity demanded. As the norm, the price elasticity of demand will always be negative. This indicates that the consumer will demand less of the service or good as the price increase all other factors held constant. The demand for health care has been consistently found to be price inelastic due to the few close substitutes for medical services. The range of price elasticity it tends to be around – 0. 17, meaning that a 1 percent increase in the cost of health care will lead to a 0. 17 percent eduction in health care expenditures. Studies show that the demand levels decrease as the levels of cost sharing decrease. Some types of services such as pharmacy and preventative care benefits are tend to have higher price elasticities since there are other goods or services that can serve as substitutes. As a result, the consumer is able to move toward substitute services or goods as the price increa ses. The demand for health care is also considered to be income inelastic. The estimates of income elasticity of demand are in the range of 0 to 0. 2. This measure indicates that as income ncreases, the demand for health care services increase as well. The demand for health care can also be affected by the services being offered by a particular health plan. The variation of out-of- pocket expenses for services or premiums can impact the number of plan enrollees and the demand for health care services paid for by that plan. RAND Study Between 1974 and 1982, the government, funded a social insurance experiment referred to as the RAND Health Insurance Experiment (HIE). The experience was intended to answer some question pertaining to the demand for health care. Families in six sites were randomly placed into different insurance plans. The plans had different levels of cost-sharing, deductible amounts and out-of-pocket maximums. Although the HIE was conducted decades ago, the results of the studies are considered the â€Å"gold standard† for health demand elasticity estimates. The HIE studies compared health care use among individuals in different insurance plans. The studies indicated that use of health care services in the HIE was not affected by the out-of-pocket maximums. For coinsurance rates between 0 and 25 percent, the price elasticity of medical expenditures was found to be –0. 17. Consistent with the patterns seen in observational studies, the demand for health care was found to be somewhat more price sensitive as the coinsurance rate increased. In the HIE, coinsurance rates between 25 and 95 percent yielded elasticity estimates of –0. 22. The health care system has changed over the years since the experiment was conducted. There have been significant advances in medical technology and the pharmaceutical market. Healthcare Trends in 2007 Health care costs were estimated to 16. 2% of the U. S. gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007. The 2007 Health Confidence Survey (HCS) is conducted annually to get feedback from Americans regarding the health care system in the U. S. The survey was conducted within the United States between May 17 and June 10, 2007, through 20-minute telephone interviews with 1,000 individuals ages 21 and older. Random digit dialing was used to obtain a representative cross section of the U. S. population. The results show that rising health care costs are affecting the way that consumers use the health care system. Although some positive changes have been made, some consumers are delaying going to the doctor or not filling prescriptions due to the high cost. Some of the trends identified in the survey are: . 63 percent of Americans with health insurance coverage reported they experienced an increase in The costs they are responsible for paying under their plan in the past year. Of these, a large percentage says the increased costs have caused them to try to take better care of themselves (81 percent in 2007; 71 percent in 2005), talk to the doctor more regarding treatment o ptions and costs (66 percent in 2007; 57 percent in 2005), go to the doctor only for serious conditions or symptoms (64 percent in 2007; 54 percent in 2005), delay going to the doctor (50 percent in 2007; 40 percent in 2005), and not fill or skip doses of heir prescribed medications(28 percent in 2007; 21 percent in 2005). †¢ Those consumers that incurred cost increases are also likely to report that these increases have negatively affected their household finances. For some, the increase resulted in a decrease in contributions to retirement (30 percent) and other savings (52 percent) and difficulty paying for basic necessities (29 percent) and other bills (36 percent). †¢ Three-quarters of those with employment-based health coverage (76 percent) state they would prefer $7,500 in employment-based health benefits to an additional $7,500 in taxable income. Six in 10 rate the health care system as fair (29 percent) or poor (30 percent). Many consumers feel the health care sys tem needs a complete overhaul (24 percent) or requires major changes (47 percent). †¢ While half of Americans (51 percent) remain satisfied with health care quality, less than 2 in 10 are satisfied with the cost of health insurance (18 percent) or with costs not covered by insurance (16 percent). Many consumers believe they have no impact or no influence on the overall health care costs. Due to the rising health care costs, many American consumers are concerned about how the costs nd 15% view health care as a critical issue. While that is a small percentage, the dissatisfaction with the American health care system is widespread. Summary As the life expectancy has increased over the years, the demand of health care has increased. The cost of health care has also continued to increase, however, there will always be a demand for health care services. The demand for health care will be affected by economic variables such as plan design, income, and risk preferences. Overall, the pr ice elasticity of demand for heath care is relatively low. References The Kaiser Family Foundation (2007, September). Trend in Health Care Costs and Spending Retrieved November 30, 2007 from http://www. kff. org/insurance/upload/7692. pdf Employee Benefit Research Institute (2007, November) Notes: 2007 Health Confidence Survey: Rising HealthCare Costs Are Changing the Ways Americans Use the Health Care System. Retrieved December 3, 2007 from http://www. ebri. org. Ringel, Hosek, Vollaard, and Mahnovski. (2005) The Elasticity of Demand for Health Care: A Review of the Literature and Its Application to the Military Health System. Retrieved December 5, 2007 from http://www. rand. org/pubs/monograph_reports/2005/MR1355. pdf.

Free Essays on Gibbons vs. Ogden

Gibbons vs. Ogden In the court case Gibbons vs. Ogden, the Supreme Court reviewed the commerce power held by Congress. The Supreme Court decided that commerce was not simply defined as traffic or the mere buying or selling of goods. Justice John Marshall explains the commerce clause as, â€Å"Commerce undoubtedly is traffic, but is something more – it is intercourse. It describes the commercial intercourse between nations, and part of nations, in all its branches, and is regulated by prescribing rules for carrying on that intercourse† (McClenaghan 265). Woodrow Wilson once described the Supreme Court as a constitutional convention in a continuous session. In a constitution convention, the Constitution was written and interpreted. In the Supreme Court case Gibbons vs. Ogden, the Supreme Court uses the power of judicial review to interpret a part of the Constitution, this shows the relationship between a Supreme Court and Constitutional Convention. The laws of New York granting to Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton the exclusive right of navigating the waters of that State with steamboats are in collision with the acts of Congress regulating the coasting trade, which, being made in pursuance of the Constitution, are supreme, and the State laws must yield to that supremacy, even though enacted in pursuance of powers acknowledged to remain in the States. The power of regulating commerce extends to the regulation of navigation. The power to regulate commerce extends to every species of commercial intercourse between the United States and foreign nations, and among the several States. It does not stop at the external boundary of a State. But it does not extend to commerce, which is completely internal. The power to regulate commerce is general, and has no limitations but such as is prescribed in the Constitution itself. The power to regulate commerce, so far as it extends, is exclusively vested in Congress, and a State.A licens e unde... Free Essays on Gibbons vs. Ogden Free Essays on Gibbons vs. Ogden Gibbons vs. Ogden In the court case Gibbons vs. Ogden, the Supreme Court reviewed the commerce power held by Congress. The Supreme Court decided that commerce was not simply defined as traffic or the mere buying or selling of goods. Justice John Marshall explains the commerce clause as, â€Å"Commerce undoubtedly is traffic, but is something more – it is intercourse. It describes the commercial intercourse between nations, and part of nations, in all its branches, and is regulated by prescribing rules for carrying on that intercourse† (McClenaghan 265). Woodrow Wilson once described the Supreme Court as a constitutional convention in a continuous session. In a constitution convention, the Constitution was written and interpreted. In the Supreme Court case Gibbons vs. Ogden, the Supreme Court uses the power of judicial review to interpret a part of the Constitution, this shows the relationship between a Supreme Court and Constitutional Convention. The laws of New York granting to Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton the exclusive right of navigating the waters of that State with steamboats are in collision with the acts of Congress regulating the coasting trade, which, being made in pursuance of the Constitution, are supreme, and the State laws must yield to that supremacy, even though enacted in pursuance of powers acknowledged to remain in the States. The power of regulating commerce extends to the regulation of navigation. The power to regulate commerce extends to every species of commercial intercourse between the United States and foreign nations, and among the several States. It does not stop at the external boundary of a State. But it does not extend to commerce, which is completely internal. The power to regulate commerce is general, and has no limitations but such as is prescribed in the Constitution itself. The power to regulate commerce, so far as it extends, is exclusively vested in Congress, and a State.A licens e unde...

Theoretical Background on Spending Habits Essays

Theoretical Background on Spending Habits Essays Theoretical Background on Spending Habits Paper Theoretical Background on Spending Habits Paper Students all over the world spend in several different ways, but close market research on student spending indicates that there are several common patterns that can be seen. Spending habits in adolescents is changing drastically in the last few years, but that change is almost uniform in all the metros of the world. Commercialization has begun targeting students spending habits a very long time ago. IFIM Students Lifestyle and Spending Habits , 2009) According to a study conducted by a bank and financial institution, youths fork over money to buy cellphone load, to play computer games at Internet cafes and to buy cigarettes and alcohol. They also spend money on going out and on clothes and accessories. (TJ Manotoc, ABS-CBN News, 2010) Teens hang out and shop. Teens are active consumers in terms of the money they spend, as well as in the influence they wield in their families and on societal trends. Despite being raised in a period of rapid change, they display a remarkable self-confidence in their judgment. (Tempo, 2010) A lot of the number of students seem to wants what is the â€Å"in† trend, what people are doing or using â€Å"right now†. Most teens will usually have one or two sources of income, either allowance from their parents or a job. The answer to this question isnt found by looking at the income of the family or social status, its more a way of living and rearing that the parents have given their children. Felipe, 2007) â€Å"Despite the Filipino teens’ having limited budget to spend, low price does not necessarily make any brand a shoo-in for their patronage,† explained Ming Barcelona, TNS Philippines Associate Research Director. â€Å"The TRU study reminds us the mindsets, preferences and purchasing habits of Filipino teens, whether on brand values, the latest product offerings, or on values and social issues should not be ignored,† added Gary de Ocampo, TNS Philippines Managing Director.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Case study - Essay Example Acquisition or alliance is a kind of strategy where a company purchases ownership stakes of another company in order to capture a particular target market. These strategies are also considered as among the pertinent growth strategies of companies in today’s business environment (Sherman, 2010). Many of the companies have come up with such strategies in the recent years. The latest company that has incorporated this strategy is Facebook. The company acquired the stakes of Instagram. It is the company that provides online services such as photo sharing as well as social networking for the users. The company has more than 30 million users worldwide with a total valuation of the firm of around US$20 million. Facebook, a social media giant offered a price of US$1 billion to purchase the stakes of the company. This acquisition will enhance the position of Facebook in front of its competitors, as through the assistance of it the company can provide finest photo sharing experience to its users all around the globe. This is also considered as among the key growth strategies of Facebook (Wharton, 2012; Kosner, 2012; BBC, 2012). This essay will analyse the entire case about the acquisition approach of Facebook and discuss the various threats and opportunities for the company. Furthermore, the essay will also analyse the methods of strategic development and evaluate the ones that will be applicable in Facebook’s acquisition of Instagram. In the later part of the essay, TOWS matrix will be used to analyse the strategic decisions of Facebook and Instagram regarding the acquisition. Strategic Opportunities and Threats of Facebook It can be observed from the analysis of the case study that Facebook will have certain opportunities as well threats as a result of its approach of acquisition of Instagram. There are certain potential benefits for the company. Opportunities It has been determined that owing to the acquisition of Instagram Facebook will strengthen its p osition in front of its major rivals in the market. Acquisition of Instagram will benefit Facebook users quite considerably. Facebook always intended to provide best photo sharing experiences to the customers or users. In this regard, the acquisition will enable the company to accomplish the aforesaid goal as Instagram is capable of delivering best photo sharing experiences for the users. In addition, the applications provided by Instagram will facilitate users of Facebook to leverage instant filters facility, which will be quite unique. This is also among the major opportunities for Facebook. Furthermore, it has been learnt that pictures and images taken from mobile devices appear to be blurred and ordinary. This aspect of photo viewing experience will be completely changed with the inception of the alliance of Facebook with Instagram as the later will enhance the quality of pictures captured and they can also be easily shared. Moreover, pictures taken with the help of cell phones cannot be processed before uploading them to Facebook, but with the help of